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■ Re[78]: Caral
No.：96
Name：Jerry
Date：2004/10/08(Fri) 14:26

> This possibly is one of the oldest grand cities on earth. Although the inhabitants cultivated squash, beans and root crops they apparently lived primarily on seafood and did not cultivate grain. To me this argues for very early littoral migrations to America. There are several links from this site:
>
> http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues02/aug02/caral.html
>
> Did people who occupied now submerged lands gain greater mobility as the ocean rose and they were encouraged to build boats? Were early South Americans and some ancestors of Japanese closely related at that time? Did these people already have some amount of ancestry that we call Mongoloid as opposed to proto-Mongoloid? Did that ancestry come to the fore later when the mountains were occupied? Was there an earlier ancestor than Ainu in what is now Japan? I suppose those questions rank with speculation about extra-terrestrials but I thought this might be of interest to some.


At the end of the last Ice Age when the seas began to rise, the people who occupied the trans-Asia-American land bridge probably divided the world among themselves and began to migrate; three tribes went east and three tribes went west and one stayed on for a while before migrating down the west coast of North America to Vancouver Island. That's why there are four families of the Native American languages that are related to Japanese. The first three to migrate east traveled down a passage in the Yukon Mnt's that brought them to somewhere near the Great Lakes; from there the Iriquois went east to occupy the eastern Great Lakes, the Sioux/Winnebago occupied the western end of the Great Lake and the Caddo/Quivera(n) went south to the botton of the Great Plains. (I have no idea where the rest of the Native Americans came from; though there are a lot of theories). Of the western tribes, one went south, becoming the Jomon people, who later became the Ainu and the Ryukyu-ans/Okinawans; one went all the way west to Pyrennees; and one settled in Manchuria and eventually merged with the natives of Manchuria, their languages also merged... leaving the basic vocabulary, but infusing an entirely differnt grammar system; of this union, one branch moved to northern Europe and the remainder would eventually re-unite with the group on the Japanese island of Honshu to become the Yayoi people of Japan. Most of this is based on the linguistic characteristics of today's modern (or not so modern) languages. That covers all of the languages that were or are related to Japanese; except for the language south of Okinawa which would spread across the oceans from Easter Island in the east to Hawaii in the north and to New Zealand in the south to Madagascar in the west and which would eventually migrate to the region of the Mediterranean, but not before taking on a new grammar system (a branch of the infamous Manchurian language: the Ural(ic). That's why the Northern European Languages and so different, yet so similar to the Southern European Languages. And that is why Ainu, Japanese, English, Latin, Tocharian, and Celetic are all classified as medial "aRe"-passive languages (they all have an "R"/"are" in the center of the predicate to signal the passive voice). But I still have no idea why there are so many Native American Languages!!!
■ Re[91][88][87]: Nachi falls
No.：95
Name：gen
Date：2004/10/08(Fri) 13:50

Jerry

> > Another possibility is that the initial "na" means water as in the verb "nureru: to wet or moisten", and the "chi", of course, means "route". The verb "nureru" comes from the passive of using "water" as a verb: i.e., "mizu-reru" which contracts to "nureru" (remember that the voiced counter part of "M" used to be "N"; the daku-on/chon-chon for "M" was "N", and because "midzu" contains a voiced consonant, the contraction should as well).

This is interesting. Indeed "nu" in old Japanese represented "$B>B(B", a small lake/pond, although "reru" would be a rather modern suffix. The word for 'to wet or moisten' in old Japanese was "nuru", which, perhaps, consists of the root "nu" and a verb suffix "-ru".

Your interepretation of "Nachi" is then a wet road, is this right?
$B!!(B
■ Re[92][79][78]: Caral
No.：94
Name：gen
Date：2004/10/08(Fri) 13:43

Jerry,

> Since the Mandan Indians spoke a language related to Japanese, their cord-marked pottery is probably the American version of Jomon pottery.

Can you give us a little more detail about the Mandan Indian language as being related to Japanese?

I'd appreciate it if you make references to only necessary paragraph/sentences, rather than quoting all the previous message. Thanks.
■ COMMUNICATION
No.：93
Name：gen
Date：2004/10/08(Fri) 13:40

Jerry,

I took the liberty of deleting your posting in response to RICARDO RODRIGUEZ re COMMUNICATION, since the contents may be interpreted as including politically controversial
elements, which I do not wish to discuss on this BBS.

Yet, your comments may be welcomed by RICARDO who gives the E-mail address at his posting.

Regards.
■ Re[79][78]: Caral
No.：92
Name：Jerry
Date：2004/10/08(Fri) 12:54
Mail：JerryAxtell777

> Hello Evander,
>
> Interesting, indeed.
> I feel you might like reading "THE WALKING PEOPLE A Native American Oral History" by Paula Underwood. Paula, an Iroquois descendent, recorded an oral history of her tribe (spoken in Iroquois language) translated into English. As a matter of fact, I read Japanese translation. The tribe's "walking" history is told: from somewhere near the Mediterranean Sea some 10,000 years ago to the east coast of the Eurasia continent, then closer spotting islands of the now-Berling straight, then to the Americas.
>
> Off-hand responses to some of your points:
>
> > Were early South Americans and some ancestors of Japanese closely related at that time?
>
> As you are aware, there is one (any more?) piece of pottery found in Peru that resembles Japan's Jomon pottery. Whether this is relative to just a single rare case of a then-Japnanese (Jomon people) fortunately ending up with another place from Japan archpelago, or this is just one of many such cases, is not known to me.
>
> > Did these people already have some amount of ancestry that we call Mongoloid as opposed to proto-Mongoloid?
>
> I'd rather doubt that. I tend to consider that peoples that have only Blue and Green Gm blood type are proto-Mongoloids, the peoples typically include Kayaba in Brazil and the Australian aboriginee. Peoples having Blue, Green, Red and Yellow would represent neo-Mongoloid. Still my guess, hopefully an intelligent guess.
>
> > Did that ancestry come to the fore later when the mountains were occupied?
>
> When do the mountains start occupying?
>
> > Was there an earlier ancestor than Ainu in what is now Japan?
>
> From Mt-DNA researches, ancestrial continuation from Jomon to Ainu is positive. Jomon era started some 10,000 (12,000) years ago. An older culture existed in Japan, which dates back about 30,000 years. Since no "body" has been found, which belong to this time, no positive or negative theory exists as to identity of the people 30,000 years ago.
>
> Regards.
>


Remember that when the Iriquois came from Asia, that the Japan Sea was closed at the top by a land bridge between Hokkaido and Siberia, thus forming a veritical version of the Mediterranian Sea; this may be the sea of their oral history.
Since the Mandan Indians spoke a language related to Japanese, their cord-marked pottery is probably the American version of Jomon pottery.
■ Re[88][87]: Nachi falls
No.：91
Name：Jerry
Date：2004/10/08(Fri) 12:37
Mail：JerryAxtell777

> Hello David,
>
> Thank you for asking.
>
> > Is it possible that the famous falls of Nachi in Wakayama Ken were in fact named after the Ainu language for falls which is Nachi?
>
> Perhaps, the most popular way to say a waterfall is "so", which can also mean other things such as a rock hidden in water, a floor, and a face (as in plane).
>
> Close to "nachi", there is a word "rap" that means to drop. Indeed, Sorachi in Hokkaido is interpretted as "so-rapchi". Although I cannot find a word "rapchi", since "rapte" means to drop (vt.) {let it down}, "rapchi" may be a variation to this.
>
> Since, "r" and "n" sometimes interchange each other in Japanese and Ainu, "nachi" may be derived from "rapchi". Note, however, that there is no credible evidence of this.
>
> Also let me advise that one should not rely on a single point Ainu place name solution. Place names are likely named in Ainu if there are a number of examples in a given area; or, as I practice, if old tales/stories such as in Kojiki support.
>
> Another possibility is that the initial "na" means water as in the verb "nureru: to wet or moisten", and the "chi", of course, means "route". The verb "nureru" comes from the passive of using "water" as a verb: i.e., "mizu-reru" which contracts to "nureru" (remember that the voiced counter part of "M" used to be "N"; the daku-on/chon-chon for "M" was "N", and because "midzu" contains a voiced consonant, the contraction should as well).
■ Re[89]: awaji- meaning
No.：90
Name：gen
Date：2004/09/22(Wed) 11:23

Hello Stephan,

> what does the word awaji mean?

Thank you for asking.
According to Nihon-Shoki, the first born of Izanagi (male god) and Iaanami (female god) was a "placenta", which the gods "shamed" of. Japanese word for "shame" is "haji", and "a" means "we". Thus, "a-haji" was interpretted (perhaps by the writer of Nihon Shoki) to mean "we are ashamed".

I have a bit different proposal, employing Ainu language. In Ainu, "apa" means "a door". Since in Ainu, "po-apa" means a birth canal, I am inclined to associate "awa" of "awaji" to Ainu "apa".

Here, be reminded that "awaji" was pronounced "ahaji" in old days, say, until 200 years ago; and "aha" was pronounced as "apa" in old days, such as in the 7-8 century. Thus, "apaji" is the oldest form. "Ji" which is the same as "chi" means a road or a route.

Do I answer your question?
■ awaji- meaning
No.：89
Name：Stephan
Date：2004/09/22(Wed) 11:00
Mail：srw26@shaw.ca

what does the word awaji mean? i know it is an island in japan but what is the actual meaning of the word?
>
>
>
> thank you very much for your help
■ Re[87]: Nachi falls
No.：88
Name：gen
Date：2004/08/13(Fri) 22:26

Hello David,

Thank you for asking.

> Is it possible that the famous falls of Nachi in Wakayama Ken were in fact named after the Ainu language for falls which is Nachi?

Perhaps, the most popular way to say a waterfall is "so", which can also mean other things such as a rock hidden in water, a floor, and a face (as in plane).

Close to "nachi", there is a word "rap" that means to drop. Indeed, Sorachi in Hokkaido is interpretted as "so-rapchi". Although I cannot find a word "rapchi", since "rapte" means to drop (vt.) {let it down}, "rapchi" may be a variation to this.

Since, "r" and "n" sometimes interchange each other in Japanese and Ainu, "nachi" may be derived from "rapchi". Note, however, that there is no credible evidence of this.

Also let me advise that one should not rely on a single point Ainu place name solution. Place names are likely named in Ainu if there are a number of examples in a given area; or, as I practice, if old tales/stories such as in Kojiki support.

No.：87
Name：David Kujawa
Date：2004/08/13(Fri) 21:47
Mail：Goda318@rapid.ocn.ne.jp

Hi gen
Sorry for using Barbara's form but I was not sure of another way.
Is it possible that the famous falls of Nachi in Wakayama Ken were in fact named after the Ainu language for falls which is Nachi?
>

>
■ Unreadable Comment
No.：86
Name：gen
Date：2004/08/11(Wed) 13:44

quanjingwei@sohu.com posted a comment that is mostly unreadable.

The administrator of this BBS deleted the comment, and would await another transmission, hopefully in a proper format.
■ Re[83]: hajimemashite
No.：84
Name：gen
Date：2004/02/12(Thu) 14:54

Hello Barbara

Yeah, I'm still here.
■ hajimemashite
No.：83
Name：Barbara
Date：2004/02/12(Thu) 14:49
Mail：hallmann17@yahoo.com

Hi Gen,
are you still there? It's Febr.2004.
I study Ainu"s origins.
Can I have your e-mail,name and workingplace?
All the best!
Barbara
■ charts
No.：82
Name：Evander
Date：2003/02/12(Wed) 02:27

Gen,

!Thank you very much! This is really appreciated.

Evander
■ Re[80]: Caral
No.：81
Name：gen
Date：2003/02/12(Wed) 01:36

Hi Evander,

Partial response:

> I have a copy of the Gm chart from the webpage. I have been unable to find charts for any of the eighty or so other groups included in Dr. Matsumoto's book.

I made a quick translation of my excerpt presentation (in Japanese) of Dr. Matsumoto's work.

http://www.dai3gen.net/gm01e.htm
■ Caral
No.：80
Name：Evander
Date：2003/02/12(Wed) 01:02

I suppose there were people living in the mountain valleys and certainly on the coast many thousands of years before Caral was founded. My questions and suppositions ran wild in the wake of discovery of an advanced urbanization in the Americas roughly contemporary with the earliest in Egypt and Mesopotamia. There is a tremendous gap from that time until the time of what once was thought to be the oldest urban settlement of significant size, Chav?n de Hu?ntar.

http://studentweb.tulane.edu/~tluka/

The archaeologist believes Caral was a trading center and also made fish nets from locally grown cotton. Such a net was found on the coast that dates to the time of Caral. If I remember correctly cotton depletes soil nutrients rapidly. There is very little arable land in that part of the world. They probably used gourds for containers as well as floats for the fishnets.

I have a copy of the Gm chart from the webpage. I have been unable to find charts for any of the eighty or so other groups included in Dr. Matsumoto's book. Disease can move more rapidly than genes. Could past diseases have influenced the distribution?
■ Re[78]: Caral
No.：79
Name：gen
Date：2003/02/11(Tue) 10:14

Hello Evander,

Interesting, indeed.
I feel you might like reading "THE WALKING PEOPLE A Native American Oral History" by Paula Underwood. Paula, an Iroquois descendent, recorded an oral history of her tribe (spoken in Iroquois language) translated into English. As a matter of fact, I read Japanese translation. The tribe's "walking" history is told: from somewhere near the Mediterranean Sea some 10,000 years ago to the east coast of the Eurasia continent, then closer spotting islands of the now-Berling straight, then to the Americas.

Off-hand responses to some of your points:

> Were early South Americans and some ancestors of Japanese closely related at that time?

As you are aware, there is one (any more?) piece of pottery found in Peru that resembles Japan's Jomon pottery. Whether this is relative to just a single rare case of a then-Japnanese (Jomon people) fortunately ending up with another place from Japan archpelago, or this is just one of many such cases, is not known to me.

> Did these people already have some amount of ancestry that we call Mongoloid as opposed to proto-Mongoloid?

I'd rather doubt that. I tend to consider that peoples that have only Blue and Green Gm blood type are proto-Mongoloids, the peoples typically include Kayaba in Brazil and the Australian aboriginee. Peoples having Blue, Green, Red and Yellow would represent neo-Mongoloid. Still my guess, hopefully an intelligent guess.

> Did that ancestry come to the fore later when the mountains were occupied?

When do the mountains start occupying?

> Was there an earlier ancestor than Ainu in what is now Japan?

From Mt-DNA researches, ancestrial continuation from Jomon to Ainu is positive. Jomon era started some 10,000 (12,000) years ago. An older culture existed in Japan, which dates back about 30,000 years. Since no "body" has been found, which belong to this time, no positive or negative theory exists as to identity of the people 30,000 years ago.

Regards.
■ Caral
No.：78
Name：Evander
Date：2003/02/11(Tue) 02:24
Mail：redknave at earthlink dot net

This possibly is one of the oldest grand cities on earth. Although the inhabitants cultivated squash, beans and root crops they apparently lived primarily on seafood and did not cultivate grain. To me this argues for very early littoral migrations to America. There are several links from this site:

http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues02/aug02/caral.html

Did people who occupied now submerged lands gain greater mobility as the ocean rose and they were encouraged to build boats? Were early South Americans and some ancestors of Japanese closely related at that time? Did these people already have some amount of ancestry that we call Mongoloid as opposed to proto-Mongoloid? Did that ancestry come to the fore later when the mountains were occupied? Was there an earlier ancestor than Ainu in what is now Japan? I suppose those questions rank with speculation about extra-terrestrials but I thought this might be of interest to some.
■ Re[76]: COMMUNICATION
No.：77
Name：gen
Date：2003/02/07(Fri) 22:22

Hello Rodoriguez,

Thank you for your posting.
Unfortunately, I have no acquaintance of Ainu.
I remember seeing a news article reporting a few Ainu persons visiting USA for an international conference of native peoples, say, two years ago(?).
However, I'd rather doubt that they can communicate in English.

Regret that I cannot help.


Gen
■ COMMUNICATION
No.：76
Name：RICARDO RODRIGUEZ
Date：2003/02/06(Thu) 20:30
Mail：RRODOUTSIDER@MX51.TIKI.NE.JP

HELLO, I AM AN NATIVE AMERICAN WHO LIVES IN JAPAN AND I WOULD LIKE TO COMMUNICATE WITH SOMEONE IN ENGLISH WHO IS AINU. I JUST RECENTLY DISCOVERED MY HOPI HERITAGE SO I AM RESEARCHING MY ETHNIC BACKGROUND. I WOULD LIKE TO CONNECT WITH SOMEONE WHO IS AND PROUD TO BE.
■ Re[73][72]: Book on Ainu Culture
No.：75
Name：gen
Date：2002/07/18(Thu) 19:57
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Hello Larry,

According to following URL,
http://www.aplink.co.jp/synapse/4-931444-19-9.htm
a thick volume, expensive!, is being reprinted, which includes Sea-girt Yezo.

The Ainu and
Their Folk-Lore is being offered for 55,000 yen at
http://www1.kcn.ne.jp/~kosho/koshoken/kangyo/data/obundo.html
■ Re[71]: Ainu political representation
No.：74
Name：gen
Date：2002/07/01(Mon) 22:19
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Hello Katie,

Have you visited
http://www.frpac.or.jp/english/Report/Report1.html
http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/nanjo/nanjo21.htm
?

gen

gen
> This may seem a basic question when compared with some of the questions I have seen posted by others, but I am currently researching the political representation of the Ainu. Could anyone suggest a good site, that provides basic information on this topic? Or simply just a brief overview of the situation, past and present? Nothing to complex please :)
■ Re[72]: Book on Ainu Culture
No.：73
Name：gen
Date：2002/07/01(Mon) 22:14
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Hello Larry

I have not succeeded in finding J. Batchelor's book that you mentioned at several old book shops. Will keep trying.


> I have been reading a travel book that was published by the Fujiya Hotel in 1934 "We Janpanese". In there the author refers to books written by John Batchelor, D.D., of Sapporo. Among several titles the ones that caught my attention was "The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore"; "Sea-girt Yezo"; and "Ainu Place Names". My searchs have not revealed any availability. Would you know of a potential source? thank you Larry
■ Book on Ainu Culture
No.：72
Name：Larry Atteberry
Date：2002/05/10(Fri) 05:49
Mail：

I have been reading a travel book that was published by the Fujiya Hotel in 1934 "We Janpanese". In there the author refers to books written by John Batchelor, D.D., of Sapporo. Among several titles the ones that caught my attention was "The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore"; "Sea-girt Yezo"; and "Ainu Place Names". My searchs have not revealed any availability. Would you know of a potential source? thank you Larry
■ Ainu political representation
No.：71
Name：Katie
Date：2002/05/06(Mon) 19:26
Mail：ballet_babe13@hotmail.com

This may seem a basic question when compared with some of the questions I have seen posted by others, but I am currently researching the political representation of the Ainu. Could anyone suggest a good site, that provides basic information on this topic? Or simply just a brief overview of the situation, past and present? Nothing to complex please :)

■ Re[67][66][65][64]: Mummy from Californian dessert
No.：70
Name：Iris Comfort
Date：2002/03/06(Wed) 16:05
Mail：iriscomfort@earthlink.net

> Evander has since given supplementary information. With his agreement, I'm posting it, as slightly edited, as follows for possible interest by others.
> ************************************************
> Gen-san
>
> From the James Chatters talk (on TV about a forthcoming book), the oldest remains in the Americas are similar in that the women died in their early twenties, the men died in their forties. The women represented were all small with delicate bone structures and had indications in their bones of a lack of sufficient food during most of the years of their short lives. The skulls were distinctly prognathous. This might not apply to the men or to all the women. The men had suffered several wounds to their upper bodies, apparently from other men (three traumas to the left side of the skull for each one to the right side, etc). Due to their greater attained age at death than that of the women, their bones would have masked evidence of famine had it occurred.
>
> Surprisingly, clothing was woven with skill. In answer to a question from the audience, it was said that the weave most nearly matched that used by the Ainu. I have been given to understand Ainu wore clothing derived from bark.
>
> If the skeletons found are representative it appears from the fragility of the females and from their short lives that the people could hardly maintain their numbers.
>
> A long and interesting, although self-contradictory article can be found with difficulty by first going to:
>
> http://www.findarticles.com/PI/search.jhtml?cf=0&key=Ainu&page=2&magR=all+magazines
>
> Then clicking on the link on the second page:
>
> First Americans.(origins of man) Spirit Cave Man is the remnants of a prehistoric human, up to 9,400 years old, who represents some of the oldest human remains in North and South America.... From Discover, February 01 1999 by Karen Wright Page(s): 9
>
> Which should lead to . . .
>
> http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1511/2_20/53631758/p1/article.jhtml?term=Ainu
>
> from which I paraphrase:
>
> mtDNA lineages vary somewhat among Native American tribes. Four are similar to but not identical to lineages found in the populations of Asia and Siberia. A fifth mtDNA lineage, is found in living Native American groups and in prehistoric remains. It has not been found in any East Asian or North Asian populations but a variant occurs in Europeans.
>
> There or elsewhere I have read that two ancient fossils resemble those of modern Native Americans. "One is Buhl Woman, a 10,700-year-old Idaho skeleton that was reburied in 1992. Another is 9,200-year-old Wizards Beach Man, whose remains were found in Nevada less than 100 miles to the northwest of Spirit Cave Man's rock-shelter."
>
> Some anthropologists deny the unfailing accuracy of DNA testing even on modern material under the best of circumstances.
>
> Best Regards,
>
> Evander
■ Hello Keiichi,
No.：69
Name：gen
Date：2001/10/27(Sat) 08:50
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Hello Keiichi,
I tried to send my reply to your address as appeared on your mail, in vain. So, here's my response.

Hello Keiichi,

Many thanks for your response to my site.

You asked what I think about "white" Caucasian (mainly in Europe) and "brown" Caucasian (such as Arabs, Indians), and discussed whether use of the word "Caucasian" was adequate.

I believe you were referring to the Gm blood type theory, and indeed, the words Caucasian, Mongoloid, etc. are being reviewed and some are reluctant to use. The words are, however, convenient... sigh...

Now, the Gm blood haplotype that "Caucasian" has, namely, fb1b3, has been found in Europeans, Arabs, Indians, Egyptians, Russians, mostly majority of them. The haplotype has not been found in SE Asia, Eastern Asia, nor in the Americas nor Oceania.

From the gene studies, they say the "color" difference is nothing but acquired through living in high UV areas; nothing to do with genes.

Thus, owners of the haplotype, fb1b3, can be grouped and named, whether the word Caucasian is adequate pending.

Similarly, people who has ab3st can be grouped and named, whether Mongoloid is an adequate calling pending.

Regards.
Gen
■ Re[67][66][65][64]: Mummy from Californian dessert
No.：68
Name：gen
Date：2001/09/21(Fri) 20:40
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Evander wrote:

> Surprisingly, clothing was woven with skill. In answer to a question from the audience, it was said that the weave most nearly matched that used by the Ainu. I have been given to understand Ainu wore clothing derived from bark.

Yes. The most popular bark for textile is that of a kind of elm trees, Ulmus laciniata Mayr, according to Mashiho Chiri's dictionary. The tree's bark is called "at", or "opiw" in a certain region. The tree is called "at-ni", "ni" standing for a tree. Ainu dips the bark into water for a week or so to soften it. They scrape layer by layer like a sheet of paper. Then, separate the layer into threads. Interesting note is given that if softened in a hot spring, the finishing color is whiter than softened in ordinary water.
■ Re[66][65][64]: Mummy from Californian dessert
No.：67
Name：gen
Date：2001/09/21(Fri) 20:20
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Evander has since given supplementary information. With his agreement, I'm posting it, as slightly edited, as follows for possible interest by others.
************************************************
Gen-san

From the James Chatters talk (on TV about a forthcoming book), the oldest remains in the Americas are similar in that the women died in their early twenties, the men died in their forties. The women represented were all small with delicate bone structures and had indications in their bones of a lack of sufficient food during most of the years of their short lives. The skulls were distinctly prognathous. This might not apply to the men or to all the women. The men had suffered several wounds to their upper bodies, apparently from other men (three traumas to the left side of the skull for each one to the right side, etc). Due to their greater attained age at death than that of the women, their bones would have masked evidence of famine had it occurred.

Surprisingly, clothing was woven with skill. In answer to a question from the audience, it was said that the weave most nearly matched that used by the Ainu. I have been given to understand Ainu wore clothing derived from bark.

If the skeletons found are representative it appears from the fragility of the females and from their short lives that the people could hardly maintain their numbers.

A long and interesting, although self-contradictory article can be found with difficulty by first going to:

http://www.findarticles.com/PI/search.jhtml?cf=0&key=Ainu&page=2&magR=all+magazines

Then clicking on the link on the second page:

First Americans.(origins of man) Spirit Cave Man is the remnants of a prehistoric human, up to 9,400 years old, who represents some of the oldest human remains in North and South America.... From Discover, February 01 1999 by Karen Wright Page(s): 9

Which should lead to . . .

http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1511/2_20/53631758/p1/article.jhtml?term=Ainu

from which I paraphrase:

mtDNA lineages vary somewhat among Native American tribes. Four are similar to but not identical to lineages found in the populations of Asia and Siberia. A fifth mtDNA lineage, is found in living Native American groups and in prehistoric remains. It has not been found in any East Asian or North Asian populations but a variant occurs in Europeans.

There or elsewhere I have read that two ancient fossils resemble those of modern Native Americans. "One is Buhl Woman, a 10,700-year-old Idaho skeleton that was reburied in 1992. Another is 9,200-year-old Wizards Beach Man, whose remains were found in Nevada less than 100 miles to the northwest of Spirit Cave Man's rock-shelter."

Some anthropologists deny the unfailing accuracy of DNA testing even on modern material under the best of circumstances.

Best Regards,

Evander
■ Re[65][64]: Mummy from Californian dessert
No.：66
Name：gen
Date：2001/09/20(Thu) 10:35
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Evander

Thanks for information.

As I read the 1990 regulation as presented in the article that you introduced the URL thereof, which goes:
"A federal law requires federal agencies to examine museum collections of human remains and determine if the remains are affiliated with modern tribes. If so, the affiliated remains may be returned to those tribes for reburial",

the government is tasked to "determine".

MtDNA examination would be so far the best method to determine a relation between a body and another. I felt that the Court Agency of Japan has a very similar sentiment as regards so-called royal mounds where royal family members are "supposed" to have been buried, which has not been verified in any meaningful manners, and prohibits scientific studies on them.

■ Re[64]: Mummy from Californian dessert
No.：65
Name：Evander
Date：2001/09/20(Thu) 06:59
Mail：RedKnave@earthlink.net

I will search also. For now this is as close as I can get.

Recently I listened to a talk by forensic anthropologist James Chatters. To my knowledge, he did not mention recovery of DNA from any of the oldest (very, very roughly 10,000 years old) human remains in the Americas.

An attempt to recover DNA from the Kennewick Man remains (from Washington State) failed. Suitable material could not be obtained.

Spirit Cave Man, a mummy from Nevada, would be a very good choice for DNA analysis. The US government has withheld access since 1994. Even a representation of probable appearance is prohibited in one instance, harkening back to protection of the flat earth dogma.

http://www.rgj.com/news/stories/news/966485064.php

Much speculative opinion and a few facts are to be found by a search for "Kennewick Man", "Spirit Cave Man", and "first Americans".

Consensus of opinion seems to be that eight out of ten of the very old remains are of people who do not resemble modern Native Americans and do not resemble Arctic adapted people."Ainu" is mentioned often. Depending on how a person looks at the evidence, they might not resemble any living population.

Something of current interest:
"Scientists have unearthed 123 mammal bones at Mamontovaya Kurya, accompanied by seven stone artifacts, that are more than 20,000 years older than the next earliest traces of human habitation ever unearthed in the frozen Arctic."
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=digest&contentId= A1713-2001Sep9

■ Mummy from Californian dessert
No.：64
Name：gen
Date：2001/08/21(Tue) 13:57
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

A friend of mine said he saw a TV program that stated that DNA of a mummy from a Californian dessert was found to be the closest to that of an Ainu.

Details are wanted, after unsuccessful Web searches. Thanks.
■ Re[62]: Ainu Language
No.：63
Name：gen
Date：2001/06/17(Sun) 08:43
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net
URL：http://www.dai3gen.net

I am not sure whether below is already in your knowledge.
Wellknown professors:
Suzuko TAMURA, Waseda University
Hiroshi NAKAGAWA, Chiba University
Kyoko MURASAKI, Yokohama National University

Ms. Tamura's "The Ainu Language" is now available from Sanseido, Tokyo.

Incidentally, my book will be published very soon toward the end of June 2001. "Japan's Ancicient History and Jomon Language", unfortunately, written in Japanee, wherein Ainu language is employed in reaching a conclusion that some Japanese myths have derived from Jomon language of which descendent language is Ainu.
■ Ainu Language
No.：62
Name：Shannon
Date：2001/06/17(Sun) 02:56
Mail：takae@bigsky.net

I am looking for information regarding current scholarly work related to the preservation and analysis of the Ainu langauge -- I am specifically interested in identify scholars at universities in Europe, the US, and Japan -- if anyone is familiar with such scholars or work on the Ainu language please contact me at takae@bigsky.net Thank you
■ Smithsonian Institute's Ainu Site
No.：61
Name：gen
Date：2001/05/23(Wed) 00:00
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net
URL：http://www.dai3gen.net

I have found an Ainu related article in the site of Smithsonian Institute (SI) at http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/html/backgnd.html
In the URL, a statement is made that scholoars believed Ainu a Caucasian people, without any qualification.
To my question, SI has responded that it will correct the article, given that the article was meant to describe a past belief.

It is always nice to note a small action receiving a good attention.

Gen
■ My book will be published!
No.：60
Name：gen
Date：2001/05/21(Mon) 23:37
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net
URL：http://www.dai3gen.net

I am rather busy these days as a publisher is compiling my essays into a book; regretfully in Japanese.

The book will present my points, namely, Ainu is a descendent language of Jomon language; Japanese history books contain Jomon-originated tales as translated into Japanese.

This is why the tales in the Japanese history books can be deciphered by Ainu language; not only that but also the tales regain their original "shine" if read by means of Ainu language.

If my response here is/will be late, reason is as above.
Thanks.

Gen
■ Re[58][57]: Ashihase and Emishi
No.：59
Name：gen
Date：2001/05/03(Thu) 19:32
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net
URL：http://www.dai3gen.net

Referring to Evander's recommendation of an Emishi (Ainu?) related site, I said I would be presenting my comments/views. Now, I have prepared a page [presenting my views to an article in the site,] of which quoation in whole has been approved by the writer. It is accessible at:

http://www.dai3gen.net/ems_who.htm

Consider my statements as second opinions, rather than any definitive. Thanks.

A clause in [ ] added: May 4; Gen
■ Re[57]: Ashihase and Emishi
No.：58
Name：Gen
Date：2001/04/29(Sun) 11:09
Mail：gen@dai3gen.net

Thank you, Evander, for the recommendation. I visited the site.

I have different views, as would be expected, and intend to write a page in my site. I will advise here when it's ready.

In the meantime, if you'd wish to check, the racial/tribal name "Ashihase" may not give hits in search engines, other than the one you referred to. "Mishihase" gives search results, such as at http://www.fcc.sophia.ac.jp/Faculty/Keally/kofun.html .

Better yet, Sushen is the English word for the tribe; yahoo gave http://www.os.xaxon.ne.jp/~sinkodai/efuruta/tokoue.html for example.

The tribe name in Chinese characters is: which reads Sushen in China and Mishihase or Ashihase in Japan.
■ Ashihase and Emishi
- Sun Board -
No.：57
Name：Evander
Date：2001/04/28(Sat) 23:26
Mail：RedKnave@earthlink.net

I would like to recommend "Who Were the Emishi?" at
http://www.isn.ne.jp/~suzutayu/MHJapan/WhosEmishi.html
Evander