Gm BLOOD TYPE
Dr. Matsumoto's statement in English: added August 2000

Back to "Is Ainu Caucasian? No.

orig: 98/01/07
rev1: 98/01/11 Bar graphs added +
rev2: 98/09/13 Eskimo bar added

I received a number of responses with many many thanks, particularly to "Is Ainu Caucasian? No." essay. That made me to think that a little further details might be desired.

Here, a big CAVEAT should be noted that I am not familiar with medical terms or I may not even have a common knowledge in the medical field. There may be inappropriate uses of terms or deductions. I'm only attempting to share with you my understanding of Dr. Matsumoto's book in Japanese, "Where the Japanese came from? Answering from (Gm) blood types" (in Japanese) (NHK Books #652).

Therefore, corrections, (doubtful) questions will be welcomed.


"Blood type" as I use or used in my writing does NOT refer to the often-said blood type such as A,B, O or AB. But it is a blood type of Gm (gamma glouburin marker)...whatever it is,,,, sigh.

A human has two positions for the Gm (blood) types, one of the positions inherits from one's father and the other from mother. Therefore, there is a Mendel type statistical results expectable to the offsprings.

There have been 8 allotypes (in my layman's term, "basic elements") found in the Gm blood type of human beings. Namely, a, b1, b3, c, f, g, s and t.

These basic elements, then, couple or compound to make a haplo-type. I'm not sure of its spelling or meaning, but, in layman's term again, it is THE "(blood) TYPE" which we are looking at, or a person has two pieces of the TYPE.

There are 9 "TYPES" found worldwide, i.e., ag (combination of a and g), axg, ab3st, afb1, fb1b3, fb1c, ab1c, ab1b3 and ab3s.

In Dr. Matsumoto's book, these "types" are represented by colors for ease of reading. Taking advantage of HTML ability for colors, I'll try to simulate that.

TYPE as represented in colors
ag
ab3stafb1b3
axg

fb1b3fb1c
ab1cab1b3ab3s

The book tables a list of about 90 (tribal) groups that shows which "types" each people group has. For example, 73% of Australian aborigine have ag (blue) type and 27% have axg (green) type, but no yellow nor red types. Japanese or Ainu has four types with different density, namely, blue, green, yellow and red. Caucasian does not have the yellow type, but white type. Mongoloid does not share the white type.

Some selected data are bar graphed. It is recommended that one looks at the graphs in the full size screen, otherwise, proportion of areas may not be represented properly.

Japanese:
ag
axg
ab3st
afb1b3
Ainu:
ag
axg
ab3st
afb1b3
Aborigine:
ag
axg
Eskimo (Alaska):
ag
.
ab3st
afb1b3
Thailand:
...
afb1b3
Borneo:
..
afb1b3
(Northern) Chinese-BeiJing(k):
ag
axg
ab3st
afb1b3
(Southern) Chinese-ChengTu(s):
ag
axg
ab3st
afb1b3
English: (No exact number was available, but read from pie chart.)
fb1b3
ag
axg
Central Africa:(No excact number was available, but read from pie chart.)
ab1b3
ab1c
Australian aborigines showed very similar composition to Brazilian or other South American natives in that they do not have any yellow, i.e., ab3st.

Now, the Ainu in question: 57.1% have blue, 13.4% green, 25.2% yellow and 4.3% have red. Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, all have the four colors (as a group) with different density.

Although the table does not list numeric data for certain people, the book provides a world map to which pie charts for various people are given. Where exact numbers are not known, I read from the pie charts. Nearly 80% of English people have fb1b3 (white) with 15% of blue and 5% of green following, typical of Caucasian in that they do not have yellow.

In the central Africa, over 90% people there have ab1b3 (brown) with the rest having black factor.


As above, the Gm blood "types" are highly indicative of people (race). To our present question, "Is Ainu Caucasian?", one should find that Caucasian has the white "type", while Ainu does not show any sign of the white "type", which should lead you to the answer.
It is interesting to exercise an imagination such as; the African Eva might have brown type (ab1b3) of which b3 was replaced with c to make black factor, ab1c. From the original ancestor who had brown, ab1b3, if a is replaced with f, to make fb1b3, that is the feature of the Caucasian. Such replacement by the cosmic ray mutation???

What would be the origin of x or g factor which makes ag or axg, that are relatively stronger in Asiatic people? Independently in Asia? Or, again, by mutation by the cosmic ray?

How about ab3st which is strong in eastern Asia, or a marker for Mongolid? How red, afb1b3, which is thick in southern China and Pacific, was originated?


Other researchers findings include small deviation in head bones of men, bones of dogs and rats or mens ATL virus, all concluding that Ainu (people or animals around) were closer to Okinawa people (or animals) than Korean, Chinese, or Caucasian. You may wish to refer to Page 11: Recent Anthropological Findings.
Dr. H. Matsumoto's paper is available in English at "The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics" Vo. 13, No.1, pp 10-19,1968. The title is "Gm factors in Japan:Population and Family Studies with statistical appendix."
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